This is part two in a series of posts exploring Istio, a popular service mesh available for Kubernetes. In this post, I'll look at what a VirtualService resource is and where it fits in this stack.
- The Sample application.
- The VirtualService resource.
- The DestinationRule resource.
- The ServiceEntry resource.
- The Gateway resource.
In the previous blog post, we deployed two simple Node.js web applications into a Kubernetes cluster as Deployment resources and linked everything up with standard Service resources.
The networking so far has only used standard Kubernetes resources to configure it. This works but falls a little short when it comes to directing traffic between different versions of upstream APIs. You will have noticed that the proxy application is returning content from the Pod resources created by both the webserverv1 and webserverv2 Deployment resources, which is unlikely to be the desired result had this been a real-world deployment. Istio can address this limitation with the VirtualService resource.
In this post, we’ll look at what a VirtualService resource is, how it relates to a standard Ingress resource, and add a VirtualService resource to the cluster to route and modify the requests made by the proxy Pod to the webserver Service.
An overview of the VirtualService resource
A VirtualService is a Custom Resource Definition (CRD) provided by Istio. A VirtualService resource acts in much the same capacity as a traditional Kubernetes Ingress resource, in that a VirtualService resource matches traffic and directs it to a Service resource.
However, a VirtualService resource can be much more specific in the traffic it matches and where that traffic is sent, it will operate on internal as well as external traffic, and offers a lot of additional functionality to manipulate traffic along the way.
For comparison, an Ingress resource can match external traffic based on the HTTP host and path. Depending on the Ingress Controller that is installed in the cluster, the path can match wildcard values or even accept regular expressions. But such advanced features are not universal among Ingress Controllers; for example, the Nginx Ingress Controller supports regex paths, while the Google Kubernetes Engine Ingress Controller only supports very selective uses of the asterisk as a wildcard.
A VirtualService resource, on the other hand, can match traffic based on HTTP host, path (with full regular expression support), method, headers, ports, query parameters, and more.
Once an Ingress resource has matched the incoming traffic, it is then directed to a Service resource. This is also true of a VirtualService resource; however, when combined with a DestinationRule resource, a VirtualService resource can direct traffic to specific subsets of Pod resources referenced by a Service resource. For example, you may want to direct traffic only to pods that have the version: v2 label applied. We’ll see this in the next blog post.
Perhaps the biggest difference between an Ingress resource and a VirtualService resource is that a VirtualService resource can intelligently manage the traffic it matches by allowing requests to be retried, injecting faults or delays for testing, and rewriting or redirecting requests. Implementing this functionality in the infrastructure layer removes the need for each individual application to implement and manage it themselves, providing for a much more consistent networking experience.
Now that we know what a VirtualService resource can do let’s add some to the network to see the effects that they have.
A minimal example
Let’s start with one of the simplest examples of a VirtualService. The YAML for this example is shown below:
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: webserver
spec:
hosts:
- webserver
http:
- route:
- destination:
host: webserverv1
We start with the hostname of a request that this VirtualService resource will match. Here we have matched any call to the webserver Service, which if you recall from the architecture diagram is the Service resource that our proxy application calls:
hosts:
- webserver
We then create rules to direct any HTTP traffic that matches the specified hostname by configuring the http property. Under that property, we define the route which sets the destination to another Service resource called webserverv1:
http:
- route:
- destination:
host: webserverv1
When this VirtualService resource is created in the cluster, we will see that requests made by the proxy application are now routed to the webserverv1 Service instead of the original webserver Service. The end result is that our proxy will only request content from the Pod resources created by the webserverv1 Deployment resource, meaning we will only see messages like Proxying value: WebServer V1 from ... when the proxy application is called.
This VirtualService directs all traffic to the webserverv1 Service.
Here is the new network diagram showing the VirtualService resource.
The architecture diagram with the new VirtualService resource (brown oval).
Observations from the minimal example
The typical flow of traffic through standard Kubernetes Ingress and Service resources is easy to understand:
- External traffic hits an external load balancer.
- The traffic is directed to an ingress controller.
- The ingress controller directs traffic to Service resources based on the rules defined in Ingress resources and modifies the traffic based on timeout, security, redirection, and other rules.
- Once external traffic has been routed internally, the ingress controller no longer plays a role.
What stands out initially when working with service mesh technologies like Istio is that internal requests, such as the request made by the proxy application to its downstream services via the webserver Service, are no longer direct. As we can see with the minimal example above, a previously direct internal request to http://webserver can be rerouted to http://webserverv1 using a VirtualService resource.
Realizing that service meshes take the kind of routing and configuration provided by an ingress controller and applies those to all traffic (external to internal, internal to internal, and internal to external) is fundamental to understanding the benefits of a service mesh.
Injecting network faults
Injecting faults into requests is a great way to test how your applications respond to failed requests. Here is the YAML of a VirtualService resource that has been configured to inject random network faults:
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: webserver
spec:
hosts:
- "webserver"
http:
- route:
- destination:
host: webserverv1
fault:
abort:
percentage:
value: 50
httpStatus: 400
The fault property has been configured to abort 50% of requests with a HTTP response code of 400:
fault:
abort:
percentage:
value: 50
httpStatus: 400
We can see these failed requests printed by the proxy as the network request is aborted by Istio:
50% of requests will now fail like this.
Injecting network delays
The response from a network call can be artificially delayed, giving you a chance to test how poor networking or unresponsive applications can affect your code. The VirtualService resource below has been configured to add random delays to network requests:
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: webserver
spec:
hosts:
- webserver
http:
- route:
- destination:
host: webserverv1
fault:
delay:
percentage:
value: 50
fixedDelay: 5s
The fault property has been configured to add a delay of 5 seconds to 50% of network requests:
fault:
delay:
percentage:
value: 50
fixedDelay: 5s
We can see these delays in the timing information presented by the proxy application:
50% of network calls from the proxy application will now take 5 seconds to complete.
Redirecting requests
HTTP requests can be redirected (i.e. by returning a HTTP 301 response code) to direct the client to a new location. The VirtualService resource below redirects requests made to the root path of one Service resource to a new path on a new Service resource:
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: webserver
spec:
hosts:
- webserver
http:
- match:
- uri:
exact: "/"
redirect:
uri: /redirected
authority: webserverv1
We have used an exact match to the root path to redirect the request to http://webserverv1/redirected:
- match:
- uri:
exact: "/"
redirect:
uri: /redirected
authority: webserverv1
The proxy shows the details of the redirected call:
The proxied application is now called on the path /redirected.
Rewriting requests
Rewriting requests is much like redirecting them, only the routing is all done server-side, and the client does not know that the request was changed to a new path. The VirtualService resource below rewrites requests made to the root path of one Service resource and routes them to a new path on a new Service resource:
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: webserver
spec:
hosts:
- webserver
http:
- route:
- destination:
host: webserverv1
match:
- uri:
exact: "/"
rewrite:
uri: /rewritten
We have used an exact match to the root path to rewrite the request to http://webserverv1/rewritten:
match:
- uri:
exact: "/"
rewrite:
uri: /rewritten
The proxied application is now called on the path /rewritten.
Retrying requests
Retrying failed requests is a common strategy for dealing with network errors or unresponsive applications. The VirtualService resource below will retry failed requests:
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: webserver
spec:
hosts:
- webserver
http:
- route:
- destination:
host: webserver
subset: v1
retries:
attempts: 3
perTryTimeout: "2s"
retryOn: "5xx"
timeout: "10s"
Here we configure the VirtualService resource to retry any request that resulted in any 500 error code, up to 3 times, and with a delay:
retries:
attempts: 3
perTryTimeout: 2s
retryOn: "5xx"
The timeout was set to work around a bug in Istio that sets perTryTimeout to 0 if the timeout is not set:
timeout: "10s"
We can see that proxied requests to an endpoint that will fail 25% of the time only now rarely respond with a 500 code, but the requests can take seconds as the retries are delayed:
The /failssometimes path will return a 500 code 25% of the time. With retries we rarely see a failure, but do see delays.
Conclusion
In this blog post, we have seen the major features of the Istio VirtualService resource. The networking in our sample application has been redirected, retried, and artificially slowed down or failed all from the VirtualService resource, and without modifying the code from the original applications.
This shows the power of lifting this kind of networking responsibility from the application code to the infrastructure layer.
In the next post, we’ll see how to further customize network properties through the DestinationRule resource.
